/*
* libzvbi - Raw vbi decoder
*
* Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002 Michael H. Schimek
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
* published by the Free Software Foundation.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
*/
/* $Id: decoder.c,v 1.22 2006/05/31 03:55:52 mschimek Exp $ */
#include "site_def.h"
#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
# include "config.h"
#endif
#include <pthread.h>
#include "misc.h"
#include "decoder.h"
#include "raw_decoder.h"
/**
* @addtogroup Rawdec Raw VBI decoder
* @ingroup Raw
* @brief Converting raw VBI samples to bits and bytes.
*
* The libzvbi already offers hardware interfaces to obtain sliced
* VBI data for further processing. However if you want to write your own
* interface or decode data services not covered by libzvbi you can use
* these lower level functions.
*/
/*
* Bit Slicer
*/
#define OVERSAMPLING 4 /* 1, 2, 4, 8 */
#define THRESH_FRAC 9
/*
* Note this is just a template. The code is inlined,
* with bpp and endian being const.
*
* This function translates from the image format to
* plain bytes, with linear interpolation of samples.
* Could be further improved with a lowpass filter.
*/
static inline unsigned int
sample(uint8_t *raw, int offs, int bpp, int endian)
{
unsigned char frac = offs;
int raw0, raw1;
switch (bpp) {
case 14: /* 1:5:5:5 LE/BE */
raw += (offs >> 8) * 2;
raw0 = (raw[0 + endian] + raw[1 - endian] * 256) & 0x07C0;
raw1 = (raw[2 + endian] + raw[3 - endian] * 256) & 0x07C0;
return (raw1 - raw0) * frac + (raw0 << 8);
case 15: /* 5:5:5:1 LE/BE */
raw += (offs >> 8) * 2;
raw0 = (raw[0 + endian] + raw[1 - endian] * 256) & 0x03E0;
raw1 = (raw[2 + endian] + raw[3 - endian] * 256) & 0x03E0;
return (raw1 - raw0) * frac + (raw0 << 8);
case 16: /* 5:6:5 LE/BE */
raw += (offs >> 8) * 2;
raw0 = (raw[0 + endian] + raw[1 - endian] * 256) & 0x07E0;
raw1 = (raw[2 + endian] + raw[3 - endian] * 256) & 0x07E0;
return (raw1 - raw0) * frac + (raw0 << 8);
default: /* 8 (intermediate bytes skipped by caller) */
raw += (offs >> 8) * bpp;
return (raw[bpp] - raw[0]) * frac + (raw[0] << 8);
}
}
/*
* Note this is just a template. The code is inlined,
* with bpp being const.
*/
static inline vbi_bool
bit_slicer_tmpl(vbi_bit_slicer *d, uint8_t *raw,
uint8_t *buf, int bpp, int endian)
{
unsigned int i, j, k;
unsigned int cl = 0, thresh0 = d->thresh, tr;
unsigned int c = 0, t;
unsigned char b, b1 = 0;
int raw0, raw1, mask;
raw += d->skip;
if (bpp == 14)
mask = 0x07C0;
else if (bpp == 15)
mask = 0x03E0;
else if (bpp == 16)
mask = 0x07E0;
for (i = d->cri_bytes; i > 0; raw += (bpp >= 14 && bpp <= 16) ? 2 : bpp, i--) {
if (bpp >= 14 && bpp <= 16) {
raw0 = (raw[0 + endian] + raw[1 - endian] * 256) & mask;
raw1 = (raw[2 + endian] + raw[3 - endian] * 256) & mask;
tr = d->thresh >> THRESH_FRAC;
d->thresh += ((raw0 - tr) * (int) ABS(raw1 - raw0)) >>
((bpp == 15) ? 2 : 3);
t = raw0 * OVERSAMPLING;
} else {
tr = d->thresh >> THRESH_FRAC;
d->thresh += ((int) raw[0] - tr) * (int) ABS(raw[bpp] - raw[0]);
t = raw[0] * OVERSAMPLING;
}
for (j = OVERSAMPLING; j > 0; j--) {
b = ((t + (OVERSAMPLING / 2)) / OVERSAMPLING >= tr);
if (b ^ b1) {
cl = d->oversampling_rate >> 1;
} else {
cl += d->cri_rate;
if (cl >= (unsigned int) d->oversampling_rate) {
cl -= d->oversampling_rate;
c = c * 2 + b;
if ((c & d->cri_mask) == d->cri) {
i = d->phase_shift;
tr *= 256;
c = 0;
for (j = d->frc_bits; j > 0; j--) {
c = c * 2 + (sample(raw, i, bpp, endian) >= tr);
i += d->step;
}
if (c ^= d->frc)
return FALSE;
/* CRI/FRC found, now get the
payload and exit */
switch (d->endian) {
case 3:
for (j = 0; j < (unsigned int) d->payload; j++) {
c >>= 1;
c += (sample(raw, i, bpp, endian) >= tr) << 7;
i += d->step;
if ((j & 7) == 7)
*buf++ = c;
}
*buf = c >> ((8 - d->payload) & 7);
break;
case 2:
for (j = 0; j < (unsigned int) d->payload; j++) {
c = c * 2 + (sample(raw, i, bpp, endian) >= tr);
i += d->step;
if ((j & 7) == 7)
*buf++ = c;
}
*buf = c & ((1 << (d->payload & 7)) - 1);
break;
case 1:
for (j = d->payload; j > 0; j--) {
for (k = 0; k < 8; k++) {
c >>= 1;
c += (sample(raw, i, bpp, endian) >= tr) << 7;
i += d->step;
}
*buf++ = c;
}
break;
case 0:
for (j = d->payload; j > 0; j--) {
for (k = 0; k < 8; k++) {
c = c * 2 + (sample(raw, i, bpp, endian) >= tr);
i += d->step;
}
*buf++ = c;
}
break;
}
return TRUE;
}
}
}
b1 = b;
if (OVERSAMPLING > 1) {
if (bpp >= 14 && bpp <= 16) {
t += raw1;
t -= raw0;
} else {
t += raw[bpp];
t -= raw[0];
}
}
}
}
d->thresh = thresh0;
return FALSE;
}
static vbi_bool
bit_slicer_1(vbi_bit_slicer *d, uint8_t *raw, uint8_t *buf)
{
return bit_slicer_tmpl(d, raw, buf, 1, 0);
}
static vbi_bool
bit_slicer_2(vbi_bit_slicer *d, uint8_t *raw, uint8_t *buf)
{
return bit_slicer_tmpl(d, raw, buf, 2, 0);
}
static vbi_bool
bit_slicer_3(vbi_bit_slicer *d, uint8_t *raw, uint8_t *buf)
{
return bit_slicer_tmpl(d, raw, buf, 3, 0);
}
static vbi_bool
bit_slicer_4(vbi_bit_slicer *d, uint8_t *raw, uint8_t *buf)
{
return bit_slicer_tmpl(d, raw, buf, 4, 0);
}
static vbi_bool
bit_slicer_1555_le(vbi_bit_slicer *d, uint8_t *raw, uint8_t *buf)
{
return bit_slicer_tmpl(d, raw, buf, 14, 0);
}
static vbi_bool
bit_slicer_5551_le(vbi_bit_slicer *d, uint8_t *raw, uint8_t *buf)
{
return bit_slicer_tmpl(d, raw, buf, 15, 0);
}
static vbi_bool
bit_slicer_565_le(vbi_bit_slicer *d, uint8_t *raw, uint8_t *buf)
{
return bit_slicer_tmpl(d, raw, buf, 16, 0);
}
static vbi_bool
bit_slicer_1555_be(vbi_bit_slicer *d, uint8_t *raw, uint8_t *buf)
{
return bit_slicer_tmpl(d, raw, buf, 14, 1);
}
static vbi_bool
bit_slicer_5551_be(vbi_bit_slicer *d, uint8_t *raw, uint8_t *buf)
{
return bit_slicer_tmpl(d, raw, buf, 15, 1);
}
static vbi_bool
bit_slicer_565_be(vbi_bit_slicer *d, uint8_t *raw, uint8_t *buf)
{
return bit_slicer_tmpl(d, raw, buf, 16, 1);
}
/**
* @param slicer Pointer to vbi_bit_slicer object to be initialized.
* @param raw_samples Number of samples or pixels in one raw vbi line
* later passed to vbi_bit_slice(). This limits the number of
* bytes read from the sample buffer.
* @param sampling_rate Raw vbi sampling rate in Hz, that is the number of
* samples or pixels sampled per second by the hardware.
* @param cri_rate The Clock Run In is a NRZ modulated
* sequence of '0' and '1' bits prepending most data transmissions to
* synchronize data acquisition circuits. This parameter gives the CRI bit
* rate in Hz, that is the number of CRI bits transmitted per second.
* @param bit_rate The transmission bit rate of all data bits following the CRI
* in Hz.
* @param cri_frc The FRaming Code usually following the CRI is a bit sequence
* identifying the data service, and per libzvbi definition modulated
* and transmitted at the same bit rate as the payload (however nothing
* stops you from counting all nominal CRI and FRC bits as CRI).
* The bit slicer compares the bits in this word, lsb last transmitted,
* against the transmitted CRI and FRC. Decoding of payload starts
* with the next bit after a match.
* @param cri_mask Of the CRI bits in @c cri_frc, only these bits are
* actually significant for a match. For instance it is wise
* not to rely on the very first CRI bits transmitted. Note this
* mask is not shifted left by @a frc_bits.
* @param cri_bits
* @param frc_bits Number of CRI and FRC bits in @a cri_frc, respectively.
* Their sum is limited to 32.
* @param payload Number of payload <em>bits</em>. Only this data
* will be stored in the vbi_bit_slice() output. If this number
* is no multiple of eight, the most significant bits of the
* last byte are undefined.
* @param modulation Modulation of the vbi data, see vbi_modulation.
* @param fmt Format of the raw data, see vbi_pixfmt.
*
* Initializes vbi_bit_slicer object. Usually you will not use this
* function but vbi_raw_decode(), the vbi image decoder which handles
* all these details.
*/
void
vbi_bit_slicer_init(vbi_bit_slicer *slicer,
int raw_samples, int sampling_rate,
int cri_rate, int bit_rate,
unsigned int cri_frc, unsigned int cri_mask,
int cri_bits, int frc_bits, int payload,
vbi_modulation modulation, vbi_pixfmt fmt)
{
unsigned int c_mask = (unsigned int)(-(cri_bits > 0)) >> (32 - cri_bits);
unsigned int f_mask = (unsigned int)(-(frc_bits > 0)) >> (32 - frc_bits);
int gsh = 0;
slicer->func = bit_slicer_1;
switch (fmt) {
case VBI_PIXFMT_RGB24:
case VBI_PIXFMT_BGR24:
slicer->func = bit_slicer_3;
slicer->skip = 1;
break;
case VBI_PIXFMT_RGBA32_LE:
case VBI_PIXFMT_BGRA32_LE:
slicer->func = bit_slicer_4;
slicer->skip = 1;
break;
case VBI_PIXFMT_RGBA32_BE:
case VBI_PIXFMT_BGRA32_BE:
slicer->func = bit_slicer_4;
slicer->skip = 2;
break;
case VBI_PIXFMT_RGB16_LE:
case VBI_PIXFMT_BGR16_LE:
slicer->func = bit_slicer_565_le;
gsh = 3; /* (green << 3) & 0x07E0 */
slicer->skip = 0;
break;
case VBI_PIXFMT_RGBA15_LE:
case VBI_PIXFMT_BGRA15_LE:
slicer->func = bit_slicer_5551_le;
gsh = 2; /* (green << 2) & 0x03E0 */
slicer->skip = 0;
break;
case VBI_PIXFMT_ARGB15_LE:
case VBI_PIXFMT_ABGR15_LE:
slicer->func = bit_slicer_1555_le;
gsh = 3; /* (green << 2) & 0x07C0 */
slicer->skip = 0;
break;
case VBI_PIXFMT_RGB16_BE:
case VBI_PIXFMT_BGR16_BE:
slicer->func = bit_slicer_565_be;
gsh = 3; /* (green << 3) & 0x07E0 */
slicer->skip = 0;
break;
case VBI_PIXFMT_RGBA15_BE:
case VBI_PIXFMT_BGRA15_BE:
slicer->func = bit_slicer_5551_be;
gsh = 2; /* (green << 2) & 0x03E0 */
slicer->skip = 0;
break;
case VBI_PIXFMT_ARGB15_BE:
case VBI_PIXFMT_ABGR15_BE:
slicer->func = bit_slicer_1555_be;
gsh = 3; /* (green << 2) & 0x07C0 */
slicer->skip = 0;
break;
case VBI_PIXFMT_YUV420:
slicer->func = bit_slicer_1;
slicer->skip = 0;
break;
case VBI_PIXFMT_YUYV:
case VBI_PIXFMT_YVYU:
slicer->func = bit_slicer_2;
slicer->skip = 0;
break;
case VBI_PIXFMT_UYVY:
case VBI_PIXFMT_VYUY:
slicer->func = bit_slicer_2;
slicer->skip = 1;
break;
default:
fprintf(stderr, "vbi_bit_slicer_init: unknown pixfmt %d\n", fmt);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
slicer->cri_mask = cri_mask & c_mask;
slicer->cri = (cri_frc >> frc_bits) & slicer->cri_mask;
/* We stop searching for CRI/FRC when the payload
cannot possibly fit anymore. */
slicer->cri_bytes = raw_samples
- ((long long) sampling_rate * (payload + frc_bits)) / bit_rate;
slicer->cri_rate = cri_rate;
/* Raw vbi data is oversampled to account for low sampling rates. */
slicer->oversampling_rate = sampling_rate * OVERSAMPLING;
/* 0/1 threshold */
slicer->thresh = 105 << (THRESH_FRAC + gsh);
slicer->frc = cri_frc & f_mask;
slicer->frc_bits = frc_bits;
/* Payload bit distance in 1/256 raw samples. */
slicer->step = (int)(sampling_rate * 256.0 / bit_rate);
if (payload & 7) {
slicer->payload = payload;
slicer->endian = 3;
} else {
slicer->payload = payload >> 3;
slicer->endian = 1;
}
switch (modulation) {
case VBI_MODULATION_NRZ_MSB:
slicer->endian--;
case VBI_MODULATION_NRZ_LSB:
slicer->phase_shift = (int)
(sampling_rate * 256.0 / cri_rate * .5
+ sampling_rate * 256.0 / bit_rate * .5 + 128);
break;
case VBI_MODULATION_BIPHASE_MSB:
slicer->endian--;
case VBI_MODULATION_BIPHASE_LSB:
/* Phase shift between the NRZ modulated CRI and the rest */
slicer->phase_shift = (int)
(sampling_rate * 256.0 / cri_rate * .5
+ sampling_rate * 256.0 / bit_rate * .25 + 128);
break;
}
}
/**
* @example examples/wss.c
* WSS capture example.
*/
/**
* @param rd Initialized vbi_raw_decoder structure.
* @param raw A raw vbi image as defined in the vbi_raw_decoder structure
* (rd->sampling_format, rd->bytes_per_line, rd->count[0] + rd->count[1]
* scan lines).
* @param out Buffer to store the decoded vbi_sliced data. Since every
* vbi scan line may contain data, this must be an array of vbi_sliced
* with the same number of entries as scan lines in the raw image
* (rd->count[0] + rd->count[1]).
*
* Decode a raw vbi image, consisting of several scan lines of raw vbi data,
* into sliced vbi data. The output is sorted by line number.
*
* Note this function attempts to learn which lines carry which data
* service, or none, to speed up decoding. You should avoid using the same
* vbi_raw_decoder structure for different sources.
*
* @return
* The number of lines decoded, i. e. the number of vbi_sliced records
* written.
*/
int
vbi_raw_decode (vbi_raw_decoder * rd,
uint8_t * raw,
vbi_sliced * out)
{
vbi3_raw_decoder *rd3;
unsigned int n_lines;
assert (NULL != rd);
assert (NULL != raw);
assert (NULL != out);
rd3 = (vbi3_raw_decoder *) rd->pattern;
n_lines = rd->count[0] + rd->count[1];
pthread_mutex_lock (&rd->mutex);
{
n_lines = vbi3_raw_decoder_decode (rd3, out, n_lines, raw);
}
pthread_mutex_unlock (&rd->mutex);
return n_lines;
}
/**
* @param rd Initialized vbi_raw_decoder structure.
* @param start Array of start line indices for both fields
* @param count Array of line counts for both fields
*
* Grows or shrinks the internal state arrays for VBI geometry changes
*/
void
vbi_raw_decoder_resize (vbi_raw_decoder * rd,
int * start,
unsigned int * count)
{
vbi_service_set service_set;
vbi3_raw_decoder *rd3;
assert (NULL != rd);
assert (NULL != start);
assert (NULL != count);
rd3 = (vbi3_raw_decoder *) rd->pattern;
pthread_mutex_lock (&rd->mutex);
{
if ((rd->start[0] == start[0])
&& (rd->start[1] == start[1])
&& (rd->count[0] == (int) count[0])
&& (rd->count[1] == (int) count[1])) {
pthread_mutex_unlock (&rd->mutex);
return;
}
rd->start[0] = start[0];
rd->start[1] = start[1];
rd->count[0] = count[0];
rd->count[1] = count[1];
service_set = vbi3_raw_decoder_set_sampling_par
(rd3, (vbi_sampling_par *) rd, /* strict */ 0);
}
pthread_mutex_unlock (&rd->mutex);
}
/**
* @param rd Initialized vbi_raw_decoder structure.
* @param services Set of @ref VBI_SLICED_ symbols.
*
* Removes one or more data services to be decoded from the
* vbi_raw_decoder structure. This function can be called at any
* time and does not touch sampling parameters.
*
* @return
* Set of @ref VBI_SLICED_ symbols describing the remaining data
* services that will be decoded.
*/
unsigned int
vbi_raw_decoder_remove_services (vbi_raw_decoder * rd,
unsigned int services)
{
vbi_service_set service_set;
vbi3_raw_decoder *rd3;
assert (NULL != rd);
rd3 = (vbi3_raw_decoder *) rd->pattern;
service_set = services;
pthread_mutex_lock (&rd->mutex);
{
service_set = vbi3_raw_decoder_remove_services
(rd3, service_set);
}
pthread_mutex_unlock (&rd->mutex);
return service_set;
}
/**
* @param rd Initialized vbi_raw_decoder structure.
* @param services Set of @ref VBI_SLICED_ symbols.
* @param strict See description of vbi_raw_decoder_add_services()
*
* Check which of the given services can be decoded with current capture
* parameters at a given strictness level.
*
* @return
* Subset of services actually decodable.
*/
unsigned int
vbi_raw_decoder_check_services (vbi_raw_decoder * rd,
unsigned int services,
int strict)
{
vbi_service_set service_set;
assert (NULL != rd);
service_set = services;
pthread_mutex_lock (&rd->mutex);
{
service_set = vbi_sampling_par_check_services
((vbi_sampling_par *) rd, service_set, strict);
}
pthread_mutex_unlock (&rd->mutex);
return (unsigned int) service_set;
}
/**
* @param rd Initialized vbi_raw_decoder structure.
* @param services Set of @ref VBI_SLICED_ symbols.
* @param strict A value of 0, 1 or 2 requests loose, reliable or strict
* matching of sampling parameters. For example if the data service
* requires knowledge of line numbers while they are not known, @c 0
* will accept the service (which may work if the scan lines are
* populated in a non-confusing way) but @c 1 or @c 2 will not. If the
* data service <i>may</i> use more lines than are sampled, @c 1 will
* accept but @c 2 will not. If unsure, set to @c 1.
*
* After you initialized the sampling parameters in @a rd (according to
* the abilities of your raw vbi source), this function adds one or more
* data services to be decoded. The libzvbi raw vbi decoder can decode up
* to eight data services in parallel. You can call this function while
* already decoding, it does not change sampling parameters and you must
* not change them either after calling this.
*
* @return
* Set of @ref VBI_SLICED_ symbols describing the data services that actually
* will be decoded. This excludes those services not decodable given
* the sampling parameters in @a rd.
*/
unsigned int
vbi_raw_decoder_add_services (vbi_raw_decoder * rd,
unsigned int services,
int strict)
{
vbi_service_set service_set;
vbi3_raw_decoder *rd3;
assert (NULL != rd);
rd3 = (vbi3_raw_decoder *) rd->pattern;
service_set = services;
pthread_mutex_lock (&rd->mutex);
{
vbi3_raw_decoder_set_sampling_par
(rd3, (vbi_sampling_par *) rd, strict);
service_set = vbi3_raw_decoder_add_services
(rd3, service_set, strict);
}
pthread_mutex_unlock (&rd->mutex);
return service_set;
}
/**
* @param rd Initialized vbi_raw_decoder structure.
* @param services Set of VBI_SLICED_ symbols. Here (and only here) you
* can add @c VBI_SLICED_VBI_625 or @c VBI_SLICED_VBI_525 to include all
* vbi scan lines in the calculated sampling parameters.
* @param scanning When 525 accept only NTSC services, when 625
* only PAL/SECAM services. When scanning is 0, determine the scanning
* from the requested services, an ambiguous set will pick
* a 525 or 625 line system at random.
* @param max_rate If given, the highest data bit rate in Hz of all
* services requested is stored here. (The sampling rate
* should be at least twice as high; rd->sampling_rate will
* be set to a more reasonable value of 27 MHz derived
* from ITU-R Rec. 601.)
*
* Calculate the sampling parameters in @a rd required to receive and
* decode the requested data @a services. rd->sampling_format will be
* @c VBI_PIXFMT_YUV420, rd->bytes_per_line set accordingly to a
* reasonable minimum. This function can be used to initialize hardware
* prior to calling vbi_raw_decoder_add_service().
*
* @return
* Set of @ref VBI_SLICED_ symbols describing the data services covered
* by the calculated sampling parameters. This excludes services the libzvbi
* raw decoder cannot decode.
*/
unsigned int
vbi_raw_decoder_parameters (vbi_raw_decoder * rd,
unsigned int services,
int scanning,
int * max_rate)
{
vbi_videostd_set videostd_set;
vbi_service_set service_set;
switch (scanning) {
case 525:
videostd_set = VBI_VIDEOSTD_SET_525_60;
break;
case 625:
videostd_set = VBI_VIDEOSTD_SET_625_50;
break;
default:
videostd_set = 0;
break;
}
service_set = services;
pthread_mutex_lock (&rd->mutex);
{
service_set = vbi_sampling_par_from_services
((vbi_sampling_par *) rd,
(unsigned int *) max_rate,
videostd_set, service_set);
}
pthread_mutex_unlock(&rd->mutex);
return (unsigned int) service_set;
}
/**
* @param rd Initialized vbi_raw_decoder structure.
*
* Reset a vbi_raw_decoder structure. This removes
* all previously added services to be decoded (if any)
* but does not touch the sampling parameters. You are
* free to change the sampling parameters after calling this.
*/
void
vbi_raw_decoder_reset (vbi_raw_decoder * rd)
{
vbi3_raw_decoder *rd3;
if (!rd)
return; /* compatibility */
assert (NULL != rd);
rd3 = (vbi3_raw_decoder *) rd->pattern;
pthread_mutex_lock (&rd->mutex);
{
vbi3_raw_decoder_reset (rd3);
}
pthread_mutex_unlock (&rd->mutex);
}
/**
* @param rd Pointer to initialized vbi_raw_decoder
* structure, can be @c NULL.
*
* Free all resources associated with @a rd.
*/
void
vbi_raw_decoder_destroy (vbi_raw_decoder * rd)
{
vbi3_raw_decoder *rd3;
assert (NULL != rd);
rd3 = (vbi3_raw_decoder *) rd->pattern;
vbi3_raw_decoder_delete (rd3);
pthread_mutex_destroy (&rd->mutex);
CLEAR (*rd);
}
/**
* @param rd Pointer to a vbi_raw_decoder structure.
*
* Initializes a vbi_raw_decoder structure.
*/
void
vbi_raw_decoder_init (vbi_raw_decoder * rd)
{
vbi3_raw_decoder *rd3;
assert (NULL != rd);
CLEAR (*rd);
pthread_mutex_init (&rd->mutex, NULL);
rd3 = vbi3_raw_decoder_new (/* sampling_par */ NULL);
assert (NULL != rd3);
rd->pattern = (int8_t *) rd3;
}
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