XWindow Programming Environment (XWPE) xwpe [ options ] file ... xwe [ options ] file ... wpe [ options ] file ... we [ options ] file ... XWPE can be used with or without the programming interface. It has its own X interface but can be used also on a charac- ter terminal. xwpe fires up the X interface together with the programming interface. xwe is the X version but without the special features of the programming interface. In con- nection with a simple character terminal you can use wpe to programme and we as editor. Table of Contents: What is xwpe ? The Command-line The initialization files The main-menu Control-character sequences used by xwpe Changing the Control-character sequences (Common User Access) The editor The Programming-Environment The debugging-environment The file-manager Search and replace functions The project-file Commands used for Programming C Using the help-functions The GNU General Public License Credits  What is xwpe ? xwpe is a X-window programming environment designed for use on UNIX-systems. It is similar to 'Borland C++ or Turbo Pas- cal' environments. The differences between the programming environments from Borland and xwpe is that many compilers and linkers may be started. From a menu three different debuggers can be chosen. And of course not only key strokes can select these options you can also use a mouse. Errors that occur while compiling and linking a program can be examined in the sources: The cursor will jump to the corresponding line in the source-file. Programs using more than one source-file can be managed with the so called project-option (see also project-file). The programme can be started from within the Programming-Environment and errors may be found using a debugger. The debugging-environment allows the user to set and unset breakpoints directly in the source code. The contents of variables may be displayed in a special window, the  Watch-Window. This window is updated while reaching a breakpoint. The Stack-Window displays the programme stack. Help is available for xwpe and the man-pages installed on the system may be displayed. All this can be reached via the help-functions. The editor may be used to edit up to 35 files at the same time. They are all displayed in a window of their own. A mouse is used to select special editor function from the top menu. These function can also be selected by hitting a special key or combinations of keys. Some of these features are a complete search and replace function (yes, it can search for regular expressions) and a file-manager. The file-manager is used to open, copy, rename and move or delete files. The X-window programming environment can be used without the special programming features. If it is invoked as `xwe' (`we' if used with a character terminal) it can be used as a editor e.g. for shell-programming. Special thanks to all who contribute to this program (see Credits) Send questions or problems to Dennis Payne, . Copyright (C) 1993 Fred Kruse xwpe is free. Anyone may redistribute copies of xwpe to anyone under the terms stated in the GNU General Public License. The author assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions or damages resulting from the use of xwpe or this manual.  Credits The original xwpe was developed by Fred Kruze. The manual was translated to English by Lothar Schuette. Faster screen displaying was provided by Axel Rohde. The xwpe alpha project was started by Dennis Payne . Additional contributers include: Anthony Barbachan Harry Berman Alex Buell Guido Draheim Kenn Flynn German Gomez Garcia Stefan Hille Roman Levenstein Mark Loftis Brian O'Donnell Alexander Neundorf Alexei Pavlov Pedro Duane Penzien Paulo César Pereira de Andrade Yarick Rastrigin Sebastiano Suraci Mark Spieth Arjan van Dijk Matej Vela Brian White Martin Zampach Special thanks to: Jussi Hamalainen Ronald Holzloehner James M. Andrei Malyshev Tony Stout Oliver Wilson and all other testers.  The command-line xwpe [ options ] file ... xwe [ options ] file ... wpe [ options ] file ... we [ options ] file ... The possible options are: -pm The next file is a message-file. -r Start xwpe in the recover mode. The internal buffers are saved in files with the postfix `.ESV' in the name if a signal is caught by xwpe (except for SIGKILL). If the editor is invoked with the `-r' option is specified in the command line, the old session will be recovered. -sf file file will be used instead of the personal option file, $HOME/.xwpe/xwperc. -so The default options are used. The option file will not be read. The following standard X command line options are available for the X-Window versions. -display display This option specifies the X server to contact; see X(1). -font font, -fn font The font to used for the text can be specified with this option. The default is 8x13. -geometry geometry, -g geometry This option specifies the preferred size and and position of the editor; see X(1). -iconic This indicates that xwpe should ask the window man- ager to start as icon rather than a normal window. -pcmap This starts xwpe with a private colormap.  The initialization files On startup (subject to the -sf and -so options), xwpe reads the personal initialization file $HOME/.xwpe/xwperc. If no such file exists, the system wide initialization file, /usr/local/lib/xwpe/xwperc, is read. If neither file exists, the default options will be used. xwperc is a text file written by the programming environ- ment. Although modification by hand is possible comments will be erased if the options are latter saved from within xwpe. X-Resources: The following resources are available. The application name is either "xwe" or "xwpe". Both belong to the "Xwpe" class. font (class Font) Specifies the name of the font to use. The default is ``8x13.'' geometry (class Geometry) Specifies the preferred size and position of the editor. Sizes of less than 80 x 25 are ignored. color1 (class Color1) ... color16 (class Color16) xwpe uses 16 colors. The default setting is similar to the PC-color set.  The main-menu The WE-menu system is entered by pressing F10, ALT- (or ) from within the editor window. It can be left by pressing . A sub menu can be called directly by press- ing ALT-<highlighted letter>. Here is a list of those sub menus: System-Menu Environment-management File-Menu file managing Edit-Menu all functions used for editing Search-Menu search and replace Block-Menu block-commands used in the editing windows. Run-Menu Programming-Environment (only available for wpe and xwpe) Debug-Menu Debugging-Environment (not available for we and xwe) Project-Menu programming with more than one source file (only wpe and xwpe) Options-Menu toggle options Window-Menu window management Help-Menu yes, this is the help system  The System-Menu (Alt-#): About WE A Display version number and copyright. Clear Desktop C Close all windows. Repaint Desktop R Initialize the desktop and reopens all windows. System Info S Displays the current filename, directory, ... Show Wastebasket W Display the files saved in the wastebasket (file-manager). Delete Wastebasket D Empty wastebasket.  The File-Menu (Alt-F): File-Manager M Puts the file-manager-window on top. If it is not found a new one is opened. New N Open a new file 'Noname'. Save S Save this file using the `old' name. Save As A Use a new name to save this file (see also file-manager) Save ALl L Save all files that were changed. Execute E Execution-Manager SHell H Start a UNIX-Shell. Find F Search for a file name (see Find). Grep G Search for a regular expression in files (see also Grep) Print P Print this file. Quit Q Quitting XWPE  The Edit-Menu (Alt-E): Cut T Delete the marked text and copy it into the clipboard. Copy C Copy the marked text into the clipboard. Paste P Insert the buffer behind the cursor. Show Clipboard S Delete D Delete the marked text. Undo U Undo the last change in the text. Redo R Do the last change one time more. Load XBuffer L Copy the XWindow-buffer into xwpe's paste-buffer. Write to XBuffer W Just the other way round.  The Search-Menu (Alt-S): Find F Search for a regular expression. (see also Search and Replace Functions) Replace R Search and replace a regular expression. (see also Search and Replace Functions) Search again S Repeat the last Find/Replace. Go to Line G  The Block-Menu (Alt-B): Begin Mark B Mark the beginning of a block. End Mark E Set the end-mark. Mark Line L Mark this line. Mark Whole W Mark the entire scope. Goto Begin G Jump to the beginning of this block. Goto End N Jump to the end of this block. Copy C Copy this block. Move M Move this block. Delete D Delete this block. Hide H Delete the set block-marks. Read R Insert a file at the cursor position. Write W Write a block to a file. Move to Right I Move a block to the right. Move to Left T Move a block to the left. A block can also be marked by pressing `^k b' at the entire beginning and `^k k' at the end of the desired block. xwpe (and xwe) allows marking a block with the mouse: Holding down the left button and moving over the text marks it as block. Holding down Shift and moving with the text cursor around also marks a block.  The Run-Menu (Alt-R): Compile C Compile a programme. (see Programming-Environment) Make M Create an executable. Run R Create an executable and start it. Install I Install a project. (see also project-file) Execute make E Start make(1). Next Error N Jump to the next Error. Previous Error P Jump to the previous Error. Show Definition S Find the definition of an expression. (see also Commands used for Programming C Show Next Def. X Find next definition of an expression. (see also Commands used for Programming C Matching Bracket K Find the matching bracket. (see also Commands used for Programming C Beautify B Beautify a programme. (see also Commands used for Programming C Arguments A Enter the arguments used to start a programme.  The Debug-Menu (Alt-D):(see also Debugging-Environment) Toggle Breakpoint B Set/remove a breakpoint. ReMove all Breakp. M Remove all Breakpoints. Make Watch W Select a variable to watch. (see also Watch-Window) Edit Watch E Edit a watched variable. Delete Watch D Delete a watched variable. Remove All Watches A Delete all watched variables. Show StacK K Show the stack. (see also Stack-Window) Goto cursor G Execute to the cursor. Finish Function F Finish the current function. Trace T Execute next programme line (step into any function). Step S Execute next programme line (step over any function). Run/Continue R Start/continue debugging. Quit Q Exit the debugger.  The Project-Menu (Alt-P): Open Project P Input a project-file. The Project-Window is opened. Close Project C Stop using a project. Add Item A Add a file to this project. Delete Item D Delete this file from the project. Options O Project-Options  The Options-Menu (Alt-O): Adjust Colors A Change the colors. Save Options S Save all changes to the options. Editor E Options used by the editor. (see also Editor-Options) File-Manager F Options used by the file-manager (see also File-Manager-Options) Programming G Options used by the programming- environment (Stop at error/warning) (see also Syntax-Support) Compiler C Change the options for compilers (see also Compiler-Options) Debugger D Select the debugger (gdb, sdb, dbx) and full-screen/normal mode.  The Window-Menu (Alt-W): Size/Move S Resize and move this window. Zoom Z Maximize this window. Tile T Put all windows one beside the other. Cascade A Put all windows like a cascade one over another. Next X Choose the next window in the list. Close C Close this window. List All L Display a list of all windows. A window can be selected by pressing or Alt-. Output Window O Display the output (not X11). Messages M The Message-Window will be opened. Project P The Project-Window will be opened. Watches W The Watch-Window will be opened.  The Help-Menu (Alt-H): Editor E Help to the editor (WE) Topic Search T UNIX man-pages. FUnction Index U Index to all UNIX-functions (see also Function-Index) Info I The GNU-infosystem. Goto G Goto help page Back B Goto the page you see before Next N Goto the next page Previous P Goto the previous page  Control-character sequences (special keys) used by xwpe How to enter the special keys Alt and ESC on a UNIX system (without XWindow): Alt-X - is realized by pressing <ESC> X. (X is a printable character.) ESC - is realized by the sequence <ESC> <Return>. The following functions can be reached by control-character sequences: Cursor-Movement Editing Deleting Block-Commands Marker-Commands Search- and Replace-Commands Buffer-Commands Read and Save Window-Commands Run-Commands Commands used for Programming C Debug-Commands Help-Commands Help Editing-Commands Quit XWPE  Cursor-Movement: up arrow Ctrl P move the cursor one line up down arrow Ctrl N move the cursor one line down right arrow Ctrl F move the cursor one character right left arrow Ctrl B move the cursor one character left Ctrl right arrow Alt right arrow move the cursor one word right Ctrl left arrow Alt left arrow move the cursor one word left Home Ctrl A move the cursor to column 1 End Ctrl E move the cursor to the last column Ctrl up arrow Page Up move the cursor one window up Ctrl down arrow Page Down move the cursor one window down Ctrl Page Up Alt Ctrl A goto first row Ctrl Page Down Alt Ctrl E goto last row Ctrl Home Alt Ctrl P goto first row of this window Ctrl End Alt Ctrl N goto last row of this window  Editing: Insert a line-break. (see also Automatic Indentation) Ctrl H Delete a character backwards. (see also Automatic Indentation) Ctrl D Del Delete the character the cursor is on. Indent the text. (see also Automatic Indentation) Alt-I Switch insert to overwrite mode and Insert vice versa. Alt-J Switch to special-character-insert-mode.  Deleting: Ctrl T Kill the next word after the cursor. Ctrl O T Kill the word immediately before the cursor. Ctrl Y Delete a whole line Ctrl Z Ctrl O Y Kill from the cursor position to the end of line.  Block-Commands: Shift + Cursor-movement mark a block Ctrl K B Set the beginning mark Ctrl K K Set the end mark Ctrl K L Mark this line Ctrl K X Mark the whole document Ctrl K A Jump to the beginning mark Ctrl K Z Jump to the end mark Ctrl K C Copy block Ctrl K V Move block Ctrl K Y Kill block Ctrl K H Hide block Ctrl K R Insert a file at the cursor position Ctrl K W Write a block to a file Ctrl K I Shift a block to the right Ctrl K U Shift a block to the left  Marker-Commands: Ctrl K n Set the marker no. n ( n = 1 - 9 ) Ctrl O n Jump to the marker no. n  Search- and Replace-Commands: Find F4 Ctrl O F Search for a string Alt-F4 Ctrl O A Replace a string with another string Ctrl-F4 Ctrl L Repeat the last search or replace Alt G Goto line  Buffer-Commands: Cut Shift Del Ctrl X Kill the marked text to the kill-buffer Copy Shift Insert Ctrl C Copy the marked text to the kill-buffer Paste Ctrl Insert Ctrl V Copy the kill-buffer to the cursor Ctrl W Display the kill-buffer UNDO Ctrl U Undo an unwanted change REDO Ctrl R Undo the last undo Alt Delete Copy the marked text to the X-buffer Alt Insert Copy the X-buffer to the cursor  Read and Save: Open F3 Start the file-manager (Open a file etc.) F2 Save the file  Window-Commands: Alt-Z F5 Zoom the window (maximum size) Ctrl F5 Alt-F2 Resize and move the window F6 Alt-N Switch to the next window Alt-F3 Close this window Shift F4 Put all windows one beside the other Shift F5 Put all windows like a cascade one over another.  Run-Commands: Alt F9 Alt C Compile (see also Programming-Environment) F9 Alt M Create an executable Ctrl F9 Alt R Create an executable and start it Alt L Install a project (see also project-file) Alt A Start make(1) Alt V Jump to the previous error (see also Message-Window) Alt T Jump to the next error (see Message-Window)  Commands used for Programming C: Ctrl O S Search the definition of an expression (see Programming C) Ctrl O N Search for the next definition of an expression (see Programming C) Ctrl O K Search for a corresponding bracket (see Programming C) Ctrl O B Beautify C-source code (see Programming C)  Debug-Commands: Ctrl F10 Ctrl G R Start the debugger (see Debugging-Environment) Ctrl F2 Ctrl G Q Quit the debugger F7 Ctrl G S Execute next programme line (step into any function) F8 Ctrl G N Execute next programme line (step over any function) Ctrl F8 Ctrl G B Set/remove a breakpoint Ctrl G M Remove all Breakpoints Ctrl F7 Ctrl G W Select a variable to watch (see also Watch-Window) Ctrl G E Edit a watched variable (see also Watch-Window) Ctrl G D Delete a watched variable (see also Watch-Window) Ctrl F6 Ctrl G K Show the stack. (see also Stack-Window) Ctrl G O Display the output (not X11)  Help-Commands: F1 Help to the editor (WE) Ctrl F1 UNIX man-pages Alt F1 Index to all UNIX-functions (see also Function-Index)  Help Editing-Commands: Ctrl O E Insert end of section marker Ctrl O H Insert header around text block Ctrl O M Insert highlight marker around text block Ctrl O U Insert button around text block  Quit XWPE Alt-X Quit from XWPE  Changing the Control-character sequences (Common User Access): Some function-keys may be used in a second form which is compatible to OSF-Motif and MS-Windows. These are the changes: Window management: F6 -> Ctrl F6 Select next window Alt F3 -> Ctrl F4 Close window F5 -> Shift F6 Zoom Search and Replace: Ctrl F4 -> F3 Search again F4 -> Alt F3 Search Alt F4 -> Ctrl F3 Replace File operations: F3 -> F2 Start the file-manager F2 -> Alt F2 Save Debugger: Ctrl F8 -> F5 Set a breakpoint Ctrl F7 -> Ctrl F5 Watch Ctrl F6 -> Ctrl F3 Call stack Quit from XWPE: Alt X -> Alt F4  Quitting XWPE: Files that are NOT changed will be closed without any warning after the Quit-command is send. If any changes have not been saved, xwpe displays a warning message and allows the user to save these files: Yes Save the file No Close without save ESC Cancel from quit (no more files are closed)  The editor The editor may be used to edit up to 35 files at the same time. They are all displayed in a window of their own (Editor-Window). The functions of this editor may be selected by pressing a special key, using the mouse or selecting it from the menu. These functions are, besides killing or inserting single characters from/into the text: Copy, move and delete a block in one file (see also Block-Menu). Copy, move and delete a block between different files (see also Edit-Menu). Search and replace strings (see also Search-Menu). Resize and move the windows used to edit files (see also (Window-Menu). Change the behavior of the editor (see also Options-Menu). Edit, save and manipulate files (see also File-Menu).  Using the help-functions If the help is selected, a separate window is opened which displays a case-sensitive help. If Help/Editor is selected the contents of the editor-functions-help will be displayed. Most documents include links to other help-pages. They are highlighted and may be selected by clicking on them with the mouse or pressing after the cursor is moved over them. By pressing the last visited help-page is re- displayed. This can be done also by clicking on the highlighted title. Programmer also want to take a look at Help-Menu.  The file-manager The purpose of the file-manager is to select files, create new directories, copy files and directories, move and rename files and directories, delete and change the access permis- sions of files and directories. Alt-N Select the 'Name'-line where the default entry may be changed. If the entry is 1. a existing file, pressing will open this file for editing 2. a new (non-existing) file, pressing will be created 3. a mask (regular expression) selecting the files for the 'Files'-menu. '*' matches all characters, one char- ter in the range of "a..z". Pressing will select all matching files and the Alt-F Select the 'Files'-menu which shows all files in the selected directory. The marked file can be opened by pressing or Alt-E. Alt-D Select the 'Directory'-line. The working directory may be entered here. selects the w.d. Alt-T Select the tree of directories. Pressing the cursor keys walks through the tree, selects the work- ing directory. Alt-C Change the working directory to the one entered in the 'Directory'-line. Alt-E The file selected in the 'Name'-line will be opened for editing. Alt-M Rename or move into another directory. Alt-R Delete the marked file. The file will be moved into the wastebasket or removed from the disk, this can be selected from File-Manager-Options. Alt-L Create a link for the marked file. If possible, a hard link will be created. Only if a directory or files that are saved on different disk-partitions are selected a soft link will be used. Alt-O The file will be copied. The new name must be entered. Alt-K Make a new directory named "new.dir". This name may be changed. Alt-A Change the file attributes. Alt-S (only avail-able in function Save As) The file will be saved using the name displayed in the line 'Name'. Quit the file-manager.  The Execution-Manager: The purpose of the execution-manager is to start executable files and shell-scripts. Only files with execute-attribute will be selected in the 'Files'-menu. Alt-N Select the 'Name'-line where the default entry may be changed. If the entry is 1. a existing file, pressing will be exe- cuted. 2. a mask (regular expression) selecting the files for the 'Files'-menu. '*' matches all characters, one char- acter in the range of "a..z". Pressing will select all matching files and the Alt-F Select the 'Files'-menu which shows all files in the selected directory. The marked file can be opened by pressing or Alt-E. Alt-D Select the 'Directory'-line. The working directory may be entered here. selects the w.d. Alt-T Select the tree of directories. Pressing the cursor keys walks through the tree, selects the work- ing directory. Alt-C Change the working directory to the one entered in the Alt-E The file selected in the 'Name'-line will be opened for execution by the OS. Quit the execution-manager.  The Programming-Environment If a Project-File is selected this project will be compiled, linked and executed from the Run-Menu. If there is no pro- ject the file in the current window will be taken as target. The compiler / linker is selected automatically by xwpe and is distinguished by the file-name postfix. The compiler and its options may be selected in the menu Run/Options (see also Compiler-Options). Only those files which were never compiled or which have been changed since the last time they were compiled are com- piled (and linked). Changes in 'include'd files are only considered for C-programs. Error in compilation and linking are listed in the Message-Window. These errors stop the creating process and the file that contains the error will be opened and the cur- sor will be set in the corresponding line.  The debugging-environment The Debug-Menu is used to set breakpoints in the source code and to start debugging. If the debugger stops the corresponding line in the source is marked. Files will be opened if necessary. Stops are caused by breakpoints or signals. In the Watch-Window the contents of selected variables and constants are displayed after each stop. The stack is displayed in the Stack-Window after a stop.  Find: Find starts a search for files in a specified directory. This search may be recursive. Alt-L Enter the filename or a file-mask as described in File-Manager. Alt-I Enter the starting directory for the search. Alt-K Enable a recursive search. Alt-O Start. Break find. All those directories containing matching files are listed in the Find-Window.  Grep: Search for files containing a substring. The files selected for the grep must match an expression also used for the File-Manager. Alt-T Enter the string to search. Alt-C Distinguish between small and capital letters. Alt-W Only search for whole words. Alt-R Search for regular expressions. (See Search and Replace Functions) Alt-L Enter a file-name or a file-mask, as described in File-Manager, to search in. Alt-I The directory to search in. Alt-K Also search in sub-directories. Alt-O Start the search. Don't search any further. All those files containing matching strings are listed in the Grep-Window.  Search and replace functions Alt-T Enter the string to searched. Alt-N New string that replaces the old one. (Only used for Replace) Alt-C Distinguish between small and capital letters. Alt-W Only search for whole words. Alt-R Search for regular expressions. The following regular expressions (like (e)grep(1)) may be used: ^ Matches the empty string at the beginning of a line. $ Matches the empty string at the end of a line. . The period matches any single character. [] A list of characters enclosed by [ and ] matches any single character in that list. [^ ] Matches any single character not in the list of charac- ters enclosed by [ and ]. [ - ] A range of ASCII characters is represented by giving the first and the last character separated by a hyphen. * The character in front of the asterix is repeated zero or more times. + The character in front of the plus is repeated one or more times. ? The character in front of the question mark is repeated zero or once. | OR: OR separates two strings of which one will match. The character after the \ will not be interpreted as special character. Alt-P (Replace only) Ask before each replacement. Possible answers are: Yes Y Replace text No N Don't replace text Stop search Alt-D Search forward. Alt-B Search backward. Alt-G Search in the whole text. Alt-S Only search in the marked block. Alt-F Start search from cursor-position. Alt-E Search from the text or block beginning. Search/Replace only one time than stop. Alt-A Execute all replacements till the end of the entire scope. (Replace only) Don't search any further.  Function-Index: XWPE creates a list of all manual-pages that can be found in the search-path given by the environment variable MANPATH. The index is distinguished in the following sections: User Commands System Calls : C - functions C-Lib.-Functions : C - functions from the C -library Devices & Network Interface File Formats Games & Demos Environments, Tables and TROFF Macros Maintenance Com. : Administrations commands After the section is selected a list of all manual pages belonging to that section will be displayed. One of these pages may be selected by pressing or clicking on the name. A new window appears containing the manual page. A manual page can also be selected by giving its name in the Menu Help/Functions. Manual pages are read-only documents (like all other help files too). But they can be used as source for editing com- mands.  The Editor-Window If a file has to be edited the Editor-Window is used. The mouse (see also The Mouse in the Editor-Window), function keys or the editor-menu can be used to edit a text. The most important menus are: Copy, move and delete a block in a file (see Block-Menu). Copy, move and delete a block between different files (see also Edit-Menu). Search and/or replace strings (see also Search-Menu). Resize and move the windows (see also Window-Menu). Change the options used by the editor in the Options-Menu. Files may be selected, saved and changed in the File-Menu.  The Find-Window The Find-Window is used to list all directories in which the searched file was found.  Alt-S and   open a File-Manager for the selected directory which displays all found files.  closes this window.  The Grep-Window The Grep-Window is used to list all files in which the searched string was found. Alt-S and <Return> open the marked file for editing. The cursor jumps to the first occurrence of the searched string. <ESC> closes this win- dow.  The Message-Window Errors in compilation and linking are listed in the Message-Window which is a read-only file. An error can be selected by moving around using the cursor-keys and pressing or by using the mouse. If an error is selected, the file causing this error will be opened and the cursor jumps to the found line. This file is (normally) read-write and can be edit immediately so that the next trial can be started.  The Project-Window All those files that are listed in the project-file will be displayed in the project-window which is started from the Project-Menu or from the Window-Menu. New files may be entered by pressing Alt-A (Add) or <Ins> directly form the file-manager. An already existing entry may be changed after it is selected by Alt-E (Edit) or <CR> or be deleted by pressing Alt-D (Delete) or <Del>. Alt-O enters the Project-Options and <ESC> closes the project-window.  The Variable-Window In the Project-File variables may be selected, they are displayed in the variable-window which can be started from the Project-Options. Alt-A (Add) and  are used to enter a new variable, Alt-E (Edit) and  change an existing entry and Alt-D (Delete) and  are used to delete an entry.  will close this window.  The Install-Window This window is selected from the Project-Options and used to display and change those commands which will be executed to install a file/project. Alt-A (Add) and  are used to enter a new command, Alt-E (Edit) and  change an existing entry and Alt-D (Delete) and  are used to delete an entry.  will close this window.  The Watch-Window This window displays read-only values from variables selected in the watch-function (see also Debug-Menu). To search for an entry the cursor keys may be used to walk around and the search-function finds a variable. Other pos- sible functions are: Edit a selected variable. Enters a new variable if the last line of this file is selected. Insert a new variable at this position in the file. Delete this entry. If a variable is not found in the current context a warning is displayed.  The Stack-Window The stack history is displayed in this window, but it can't be edited. The cursor keys are used to walk around in this list and the search-function will find an entry. <Return> will jump within the stack (this is not possible together with the The stack may be examined if a signal is caught by the pro- gramme. If this happens within a system-function than the calling visible function is shown.  Usage of the mouse with XWindow: All those keystrokes used to select from within a menu or mark a block can be replaced by using the mouse. A command will be selected by one click on the word or the correspond- ing line. A click on the 'Cancel'-command or the upper left 'Close-Button' will close a window. The mouse can be used within the editor-window (see the Mouse in the Editor-Window) and within the file-manager (see Mouse in the File-Manager).  The Mouse in the Editor-Window All those keystrokes used to select from within a menu or mark a block can be replaced by using the mouse. A command will be selected by one click on the word or the correspond- ing line. A click on the 'Cancel'-command or the upper left 'Close-Button' will close a window. The upper right button labeled with [z] is the Zoom-Button used to zoom a window. A click on the upper frame and moving the mouse while holding the left button down will move the window. Resizing a window is done be clicking on an edge and moving the mouse around while holding the button down. A line is selected by clicking on the line-number on the lower frame. A new window is opened to enter a new number. The right and the lower border move the cursor around in the window. The cursor moves one line/character if the arrows at both ends of the borders are selected. A whole page is the size of the movement if a click is set on the border itself. Moving the marker will move the displayed entry around. Function within the window: The left mouse-button: One click will move the cursor to the corresponding posi- tion. If the button is pressed while the mouse-cursor is over the text-cursor a word is marked. A marked word being marked again selects the whole line. Holding the button down and moving the mouse around is used to mark an array. If is pressed, too, the new text will be added to the previous selected one. The right mouse-button: Clicking the right button will copy the marked text into the buffer. The Alt-key selects the X-buffer. Shift selects the cut-option: The text is copied into the selected buffer and is cut from the file. The middle mouse-button: Clicking the middle button will copy the contents of the buffer at the mouse-position (Paste). The Alt-key selects the X-buffer.  The Mouse in the File-Manager: All those keystrokes used to select from within a menu or mark a block can be replaced by using the mouse. A command will be selected by one click on the word or the correspond- ing line. A click on the Cancel-command or the upper left Close-Button will close the file-manager. The upper right button labeled with [z] is the Zoom-Button used to zoom a window. A click on the upper frame and moving the mouse while hold- ing the left button down will move the window. Resizing a window is done be clicking on an edge and moving the mouse around while holding the button down. The right and the lower border move the mark around in the files-list and in the tree. The cursor moves one line if the arrows at both ends of the borders are selected. A whole page is the size of the movement if a click is set on the border itself. Moving the marker will move the displayed entry around. Function within the window: The left mouse-button: One click will mark a not selected file or directory. A marked file is selected for loading into the editor on a second click. A marked directory becomes the current working directory after clicking again on it's name. A marked file may be moved into another directory if the left button is held down while moving the mouse-pointer into the directory displayed in another file-manager window. The right mouse-button: Clicking the right button on an already marked file or directory will call the Move/Rename-function. A link is created by "moving" a file or directory into another file-manager-window. The link will be created in the current selected working directory in the other window. The middle mouse-button: To duplicate a file or directory in the current directory just click with the middle mouse-button on its marked name. A copy into another directory is performed by holding down the middle button while moving the mouse-pointer into another file-manager window.  Editor-Options Display: Alt-S The end-of-line will be displayed as '$' if a was entered and as '' as NULL (the next line the connecting line). Auto-save: Alt-P All options will be saved after the quitting the edi- tor. Alt-H After N changes a file will be saved automatically. The number N can be entered/changed in the Max. Changes -field (Alt-X). For the saved file 'file-name'.ASV will be used as new file-name, the original file is not changed. After a normal quit from xwpe the .ASV-files are deleted. Keys (Setting up the function keys): Alt-L The function keys are bind like introduced in xwpe ver- sion < 1.2.0 (Turbo C alike). Alt-C The 'Common User Access' function key binding will be used (MS-Windows alike). Auto-Indent (Automatic Indentation): Alt-Y Auto-Indent is used only for files that can be used for compilation (that are defined in the Option/Compiler -menu). Alt-W Auto-Indent is used for all files. Alt-V Don't use Auto-Indent. Alt-M The maximum number of columns per row. After this number or columns a word wrap is performed. Alt-T The number of characters a TabStop counts. Alt-X The number of changes that force an auto-save (if enabled). Alt-N The number of steps that are saved for an undo (Edit/Undo). Alt-I The number of columns used for auto-indent.  File-Manager-Options Directories: Alt-F Hidden files are displayed. Alt-D Hidden directories are displayed. Alt-K All actions (Move, Link, Copy and Remove) are recursive (sub directories will be used as source too). Sort Files By Alt-N Name Alt-I Time (time of creation time) Alt-B Bytes (Size) Alt-R Reverse order. Move/Copy: Alt-Q If the source of a Move/Copy-operation already exists it is only overwritten after a confirmation. Alt-V An existing files is overwritten. Alt-T Existing files are not overwritten. Remove: Alt-W Deleted files are moved into the wastebasket. Alt-A Files are really deleted. A confirmation is necessary. Alt-M Files are really deleted. No confirmation. Links on Files: Alt-H First try a hard-link. If this does not succeed a soft-link is used. Alt-S Use a soft-link. Wastebasket: Alt-P After exit of xwpe a confirmation for deleting the files in the wastebasket is necessary. Alt-E The contents of the wastebasket is removed. Alt-L The contents of the wastebasket is not removed. On Open: Alt-C Closes the file manager after opening a file.  Compiler-Options If the Menu  Options/Compiler is selected the entries Add Compiler and Remove Compiler and all compilers that are defined are displayed. If Add Compiler or a defined compiler is selected the fol- lowing options menu is enabled: Language The name of the programming language. Compiler The path to the compiler. Compiler-Options Options used by the compiler. Loader-Options Options used to link the files. Executable-Name The name of the resulting executable (default: [programme-name].e). File-Postfix The postfix that forces this compiler to be used (e.g. .c implies to use the C-compiler). Compiler-Style Select whether error-messages are created like a GNU or similar compiler would create it or whether the defini- tion for messages entered in the Message-String should be used. OK Accept the changes made. CANCEL Reject the changes. A new compiler/programming language can be entered in Add Compiler. If the new one is selected its options may be changed. A compiler selected from the list is removed by Remove Com- piler.  Project-Options Compiler The path to the compiler. Compiler-Options Options used by the compiler. Loader-Options Options used to link the files. Executable-Name The name of the resulting executable (default: a.out). Store Objects in Library If a filename is entered this file is used as library to all object-files. This library is used automatically for linking. Compiler-Style Select whether error-messages are created like a GNU or similar compiler would create it or whether the defini- tion for messages entered in the Message-String should be used. Variables ... Variables used by the project can be entered and removed from a separate Variable-Window. Install ... The commands used to install a program are edited in the Install-Window. Save The new project-file will be saved. Save As The new project-file will be saved with a new file- name. CANCEL Quit from the menu without any changes.  Programming C For all C- and C++-programs there are some utilities installed to aid the programmer: Show Definition (^O S): Jump to the definition of a C-expression: The file contain- ing the definition of the entered expression will be put in the foreground and the cursor jumps to the definition which will be highlighted. Structs, unions, classes, typedefs, preprocessor definitions, extern variables and functions can be searched. If a project is defined all files belonging to it will be scanned for the definition. Also all #include'd files are scanned recursively as long as they can be found in the System-Include-Path defined in Options/Programming. If the name is used more than one time in definitions (e.g. as name of a struct and as name of an external variable) the next definition may be found with ^O N (Show next Defini- tion). Matching Bracket (^O K): If the cursor is above a bracket the corresponding closing / opening bracket is searched and the cursor is moved to it. Otherwise the cursor is moved to the next opening bracket. The following pairs of brackets are recognized: {}, [] and (). Beautify (^O B): As C is a block-oriented language all blocks are indented equal. The depth of the intention depends on the degree of the blocking-depth.  The project-file The project-file allows to compile and create programmes containing more than on module. It is created from the menu Project/Options (see also Project-Options) or directly with an editor. The syntax corresponds to that of a Makefile (for version 1.1.0 and above only). In a project-file only definitions of variables and install-targets are recognized. The definition of variables is used like this: name = string The number of variables is not limited. They are accessed by writing $(name). If a variable is named like an environment variable than this environment variable is used. If a vari- able is not defined an empty string is inserted. The following variables are predefined: FILES The names of modules being compiled and linked together to create the executable file. CMP Compiler-Path CMPFLAGS Compiler-Options CMPSWTCH How are mistakes interpreted? ('GNU'(Default)/'other') LDFLAGS Loader-Options EXENAME The name of the Executables (Default: a.out) LIBNAME The filename used for a library. This library will hold all object-files belonging to the project. This library is used automatically for linking. A makefile can be transformed to a project-file very simple by adding the following lines to it (C-code): FILES=$(CFILES) CMP=$(CC) LDFLAGS=$(LIBFLAGS) EXENAME='Targetname' How Compile and Make work: The files are translated in the order given in the FILES- variable. If a source has changed after the last translation then it is translated again else the next source is taken. An error occurring while making stops the work and is displayed in the Message-Window. If no error occurs then all object-files are linked together to an executable named $(EXENAME). The project-file can contain an 'install'-target. The first line of this target is install: dependencies The dependencies are ignored because they have to be entered into the FILES-variable. All following lines starting with are interpreted as UNIX-commands and are executed. These line may contain variables defined above: Command1 Command2 Command can be every UNIX-command (only 'cd' is not exe- cuted). The 'install'-target is started from the menu Run/Install or Alt-L (see Run-Menu).  The Message-String: The Message-String defines how warnings and error-messages produced by a compilation should be interpreted if the Compiler-Style 'Other' was selected. It has to be changed for each compiler and work like this. character, '[a-z]' matches one character in the range of "a..z". (This was described in the section File-Manager.) ${FILE} is like '*' but the characters are stored as name of the file containing the error. ${LINE[+-N]} is like '*' but the characters are stored as line- number containing the error. An integer N can be added/subtracted to the line-number. The message-string has to contain both ${FILE} and ${LINE}. If a line of output can be interpreted so that it contains a valid filename and a valid line number it is used as error- output. Also the column number can be used to interpret an error- containing line. ${COLUMN[+-N]} With ${COLUMN} being used as number. ${COLUMN=BEFORE[+-N]} The string ${COLUMN} is the expression to search for and the column is Before the string found. ${COLUMN=AFTER[+-N]} The string ${COLUMN} is the expression to search for and the column is after the string found. An integer N can be added/subtracted to the column-number. If a message is written in more than one row (e.g. Sun- Pas- cal: pc) the message-string must use "\n" to divide the string into different rows. ${COLUMN=PREVIOUS?STR[+-N]} is compared against the ${CMPSTR}-string containing a string to compare with. Warnings: A warning is detected by comparison with a string STR like this: ${?N:STR} - N can be a number or a '*'- character. If N is a number then N is then number of the column where the warning begins. Otherwise if N is '*' then STR can begin at every position in the text. More than one warning-message can be defined. Some examples: gcc: ${?*:warning:}${FILE}:${LINE}:* before \ `${COLUMN=BEFORE}' cc(Sun): ${?*:warning:}"${FILE}", line ${LINE}:* \ at or near * "${COLUMN=AFTER}" cc(HP): ${?*:warning:}cc: "${FILE}", line ${LINE}:* \ at or near * "${COLUMN=AFTER}" pc(Sun): ${?0:e}${?0:w}${?0:s}*:*:* * ${FILE}:\n\n* \ ${LINE} ${CMPTXT}^M*-------${COLUMN=PREVIOUS?^}  Syntax-Support: Xwpe supports the syntax of a language by using different colors to display keywords, constants, preprocessor, com- ments, operators and everything else. This support is defined already for the programming languages C, C++, and FORTRAN. More languages can be added to the user's syntax definition file, $HOME/.xwpe/syntax_def. The syntax of any predefined language can also be overiden. If no per- sonal syntax definition file exists, the system definition file, /usr/local/lib/xwpe/syntax_def, will be used. Each syntax highlighting is distinguished by the file extension. The syntax_def uses the following format for language definition. "string: The postfix for the filename." "integer: The number of keywords." "strings: The keywords." "integer: Number of operators with more than one character length." "strings: Operators with more than one character length." "string: Operators containing one character." "string: Beginning of comment" "string: End of comment" "string: Beginning of comment reaching until the end of the line." "string: Characters used for comments depending on the column." "string: Special single characters." "integer: Column for comments (-1 for none)." "integer: Column for continuing line (-1 for none)" "Integer: Column for comment till the end of line (1000 for none)" Strings and integers are separated by blanks or carriage returns. The strings used for single character operators and for column depending comments must not contain blanks. All strings used for comments can contain NULL to indicate that there is no such comment. An integer can be zero if there is no keyword or multiple character operator. The string for special single characters contains the follow- ing fields: Character for string-constants Character for character-constants Character for preprocessor-commands Character for quoting the next character Character for next line is continuing line (if it is the last character in the line) Character (if not empty: the language is not case sensitive) If one character is not defined (e.g. missing) a blank is inserted at the corresponding position. An example: .c 32 auto break case char const continue default do double else enum extern float for goto if int long register return short signed sizeof static struct switch typedef union unsigned void volatile while 0 ~^()[]{}<>+-/*%=|&!.?:,; /* */ NULL NULL "'#\ -1 -1 1000 .f 64 ACCESS ASSIGN BACKSPACE BLANK BLOCKDATA CALL CHARACTER CLOSE COMMON COMPLEX CONTINUE DATA DIMENSION DIRECT DO DOUBLE PRECISION ELSE END ENDFILE ENTRY EQUIVALENCE ERR EXIST EXTERNAL FILE FMT FORM FORMAT FORMATTED FUNCTION GOTO IF IMPLICIT INQUIRE INTEGER INTRINSIC IOSTAT LOGICAL NAME NAMED NEXTREC NUMBER OPEN OPENED PARAMETER PAUSE PRINT PROGRAM READ REAL REC RECL RETURN REWIND SAVE SEQUENTIAL STATUS STOP SUBROUTINE TO UNFORMATED UNIT WRITE 13 .AND. .EQ. .EQV. .FALSE. .GE. .GT. .LE. .LT. .NE. .NEQV. .NOT. .OR. .TRUE. ()+-/*=$.:, NULL NULL ! C* ' 1 0 5 72  Automatic Indentation The behavior of the auto-intention can be selected in the Editor-Options-menu. The following keys are defined: The next (new) line is indented to the beginning of the previous line. If is entered in front of the first visible char- acter the whole line is indented like the previous one. If the cursor is placed behind this column then the line is indented N characters more than the previous. N is the number entered for the Tabstops in the menu editor-options. If the cursor is placed behind this position or between visible characters a is inserted. If entered in front of the first visible character of a line the line is indented like the last line that started in front of this cursor- position.  The GNU General Public License Version 2, June 1991 Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. Preamble The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too. When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free pro- grams; and that you know you can do these things. To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to cer- tain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights. We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software. Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any prob- lems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations. Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redis- tributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow. GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION 0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each licen- see is addressed as "you". Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents con- stitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. 1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, pro- vided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program. You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. 2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. b) You must cause any work that you distribute or pub- lish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License. c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a war- ranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Pro- gram itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.) These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program. In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License. 3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface defini- tion files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include any- thing that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the execut- able. If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offer- ing equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code. 4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distri- bute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you per- mission to modify or distribute the Program or its deriva- tive works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distri- buting the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modi- fying the Program or works based on it. 6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the reci- pients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License. 7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforce- able under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances. It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contribu- tions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is wil- ling to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice. This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License. 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is res- tricted in certain countries either by patents or by copy- righted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geograph- ical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License. 9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foun- dation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are dif- ferent, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Founda- tion, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all deriva- tives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. NO WARRANTY 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRAN- TIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PUR- POSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFEC- TIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redis- tribute and change under these terms. To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. Copyright (C) 19yy This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foun- dation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Pub- lic License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cam- bridge, MA 02139, USA. Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program. You should also get your employer (if you work as a program- mer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclai- mer" for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. , 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License.